Cynthia Enloe
Visiting Professor at IGS / Professor of Department of Government, Clark University, United States
The 12th IGS Evening Seminar Series
Militarism and Gender
date
an. 30, Feb. 13, Feb. 20, Feb. 27 (18:30～20:30) 2003
professor
Prof. Cynthia Enloe (Visiting Professor at IGS / Professor of Department of Government, Clark University, United States)
Visiting Professor at the Institute for Gender Studies, Ochanomizu University
Seminar 1: Making Feminist Sense of "International Political Economy" : Feminist Looking at Globalized "Cheap Labor"
DISCUSSANT: Chizuko UENO (Professor, TOKYO UNIVERSITY)
MODERATORS: Kaoru TACHI (Professor, OCHANOMIZU UNIVERSITY) Yumiko MIKANAGI (Associate Professor, INTERNATIONAL CHIRISTIAN UNIVERSITY)
So much of conventional "accepted" analysis of the evolving International Political Economy and of globalization leaves almost totally unquestioned why and especially how it is that young women make up the majority of paid workers in the foreign-owned export factories' work forces. Remaining so uninterested in why and how globalized factory work is feminized leaves us all UNDER-estimating how much decision-making and how much public and private power in reality there is in the construction of and in the remaking of the international political economy. To be realistic about how international political economy works we need to use a feminist curiosity to ask about the actions of local governments, of families, of popular media, of international agencies, of militaries and police forces, and of women workers themselves in designing ideas about "femininity," and especially about "feminine respectability." I will look at the international sneaker industry as one example of what a feminist curiosity reveals about how women's labor is made "cheap."
BASIC READING: Enloe, Cynthia. "Feminists Try on the Post-Cold War Sneaker." In Talking Gender: Public Images, Personal Journeys, and Political Critiques, edited by Nancy Hewitt, Jean O'Barr, and Nancy Rosebaugh. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991. Macdonald, Laura. "Globalization and Social Movements." International Feminist Journal of Politics 4 (2002): 151-172.
FURTHER READING: Enloe, Cynthia. "Preface to the 2000 Edition" and "Preface to the 1989 Edition." Bananas, Beaches and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics. Updated edition. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. Human Rights Watch. "Background" and "Gender-Specific Labor Rights Violations in the Domestic Work and Maquila Sectors." In From the Household to the Factory: Sex Discrimination in the Guatemalan Labor Force. New York: Human Rights Watch, 2002.
Seminar 2: Making Feminist Sense of "National Security."
DISCUSSANT: Yumiko MIKANAGI (Associate Professor, INTERNATIONAL CHIRISTIAN UNIVERSITY)
MODERATORS: Kaoru TACHI (Professor, OCHANOMIZU UNIVERSITY) Ruri ITO (Professor, OCHANOMIZU UNIVERSITY)
"National security" has become in recent years such a powerful concept. It legitimizes a wider and wider range of government actions. But feminists are using their analytical skills to take apart this conventional concept. Especially, they are asking what is "national" about national security when the state's notion of the nation is based on patriarchal ideas of where women should be in the "nation." Secondly, feminists are questioning the measures of "security," when so many women in so many different societies are being made insecure by forms of violence that rarely are discussed by senior national security officials.
BASIC READING:Cohn, Carol. " 'Clean Bombs' and Clean Language." In Women, Militarism, and War: Essays in History, Politics, and Social Theory, edited by Jean Bethke Elshtain and Sheila Tobias. Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield, 1988. Enloe, Cynthia. "Masculinity as a Foreign Policy Issue." In September 11, 2001: Feminist Perspectives, edited by Susan Hawthorne and Bronwyn Winter. Melbourne, Australia: Spinifex Press, 2002.
FURTHER READING: Kwon, Insook. "A Feminist Exploration of Military Conscription." International Feminist Journal of Politics 3, no. 1 (2001): 26-54. Moon, Katharine. "U.S-ROK Security and Civil-Military Relations: The Camptown Clean-up Campaign." In Sex Among Allies: Military Prostitution in U.S-Korea Relations. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.
Seminar 3: Why Pay Close Attention to Women Inside Militaries?
DISCUSSANT: Fumika SATO (Visiting Researcher at the Keio Research Instititute at SFC)
MODERATORS: Kaoru TACHI (Professor, OCHANOMIZU UNIVERSITY) Yumiko MIKANAGI (Associate Professor, INTERNATIONAL CHIRISTIAN UNIVERSITY)
Many feminists in many countires are quite uncomfortable with - or even opposed to - spending much time or energy thinking about the ideas of or experiences of women inside militalires: it may seem as though these women-most of them(not all) being volunteers -- are simply complicit in furthering their own counties' militarization, making soldiering seem to be the next step in liberating women. But I believe that we do have a lot to lean from taking seriously the patterns and experiences over time of women who are soldiers. First, we show that the still-masculined military personnel planners are willing to recruit women at very particular times, when they run out of the men they trust (thus, as always, sexism must be considered along with rasicm). Second, we reveal how a patriarchal insitution tries to make some adjustments to use a small number of women without actually dismantling patriarchy (this is similar to modern law firms and to national legislatures). Third, by taking women inside militaries seriously, we can better understand how women craft their identities and their daily survival strategies in ways that address sexism without becoming conscious of militarism.
BASIC READING: Enloe, Cynthia. "Filling the Ranks: Militarizing Women as Mothers, Soldiers, Feminists, and Fashion Designers." Maneuvers: The International Politics of Militarizing Women's Lives. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000. Enloe, Cynthia. "The Politics of Constructing the American Woman Soldier." The Morning After: Sexual Politics at the End of the Cold War. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
FURTHER READING: Cauvin, Henri. "AIDS Imperiling African Armies, Key to Stability of Many Nations." New York Times, November 24, 2002, 1,11.
Karam Kari H. "Military Women in Peace Operations: Experiences of the Norwegian Battalion in UNIFIL 1978-98." In Women and International Peacekeeping, edited by Louise Olsson and Torunn L. Tryggestad. London: Frank Class Publishers, 2001.
Seminar 4: Lessons We Can Learn from the Women of Afghanistan
DISCUSSANT: Chiharu TAKENAKA (Professor, MEIJI GAKUIN UNIVERSITY)
MODERATORS: Kaoru TACHI (Professor, OCHANOMIZU UNIVERSITY) Yumiko MIKANAGI (Associate Professor, INTERNATIONAL CHIRISTIAN UNIVERSITY)
Despite most news media today losing interest in women in Afghanistan, there is still a high degree of militarization shaping these women's lives. This raises the larger question of when is any war "over." Feminists in conflict areas such as Rwanda, East Timor, Bosnia,as well as Afghanistan, are showing us a new way to think about the endings of wars. They are urging us to ask feminist questions about the on-going processes of masculinity and militarism. This focuses on a more subtle understanding of genuine de-militarization, one that calls for new relationships between women and men, between masculinity and guns, between patriarchy and the state.
BASIC READING:Enloe, Cynthia. "Demilitarization-or More of the Same? Feminist Questions to Ask in the Postwar Moment." In The Postwar Moment: Militaries, Masculinities and International Peacekeeping, edited by Cynthia Cockburn and Dubravka Zarkov. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 2002. Rohde, David. "Attacks on Schools for Girls Hint at Lingering Split in Afghanistan." New York Times, October 31, 2002, 1, 13. United Nations Security Council. Resolution 1325 (2000) 1325, New York: United Nations, 2000.
FURTHER READING: Human Rights Watch. "Hopes Betrayed: Trafficking of Women and Girls to Post-Conflict Bosnia and Herzegovina for Forced Prostitution" Bosnia Herzegovina Report 14, no.9, New York: Human Rights Watch, (November 2002).
※This event is finished.
